Did you know…. A fun, and very simple game.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

The capital of Australia, Canberra, means women’s breasts

When you first read the title of this fact what did you think? Bad attempt at being funny. or WTF is going on down there? 

Well, we can tell you that it really, really does mean that, even though it goes against the long-held belief that it means “meeting place” in the local aboriginal language. So how did it all go so wrong?

Canberra is unique to all other cities in Australia, being completely planned in design from the outset. It’s a relatively new city, with the design of the city being awarded to Chicago architects Walter Burley and Marion Mahony Griffin in 1911, with work beginning in 1913. 

Until it was completed the temporary seat of government, but not the capital was in Melbourne. This was part of the compromise for the location of the new capital. At the time Melbourne and Sydney were the largest cities (still are today), and both wanted to be the new nation’s capital. 

As a compromise Canberra was chosen as the location provided that it was at least 100 miles from Sydney, and Melbourne was the seat of government until the new city was ready. But what about that name?

Canberra as a word came from Kambera or Canberry which comes from the old Ngunnawal language of the local Aboriginal people. It was chosen because it was supposed to mean “meeting place,” which is certainly suitable for the seat of government. However, there was a little mistake in the translation.

Canberra means women’s breasts. This comes from the Ngunnawal name for the two opposing mountains nearby, Black Mountain and Mount Ainslie, which when combined form an image of breasts.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Both Celsius and Fahrenheit meet at -40 degrees

Celsius and Fahrenheit are two important temperature scales. The Fahrenheit scale is used primarily in the United States, while Celsius is used throughout the world. 

The two scales have different zero points, and the Celsius degree is bigger than the Fahrenheit.

However, there is one point on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales where the temperatures in degrees are equal. This is -40 °C and -40 °F. 

[Seafood]

I probably should know this after working in the HVAC industry now for 43yrs!

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Mattress gains weight over time

Please be warned. Before reading any further you may find it difficult sleeping tonight. We are now going to give you some disgusting mattress facts.

Before you tuck into bed tonight here’s something to think about. Ten percent of the weight of a two-year-old pillow can be composed of dead mites and their droppings. 

Mites prefer warm, moist surroundings such as the inside of a mattress when someone is on it. One of their favourite foods is dead skin, and people shed about one fifth of an ounce of the stuff every week, some of which surely ends up flaking into your mattress

Other debris includes mould, millions of dead skin cells, dandruff, animal and human hair, secretions, excretions, lint, pollen, dust, soil, sand, a lot of perspiration, of which the average person loses a quart per day and “other” body fluids.

You can mitigate these problems to some degree by purchasing a mattress protector. Waterproof one will be better, but it will not provide 100 percent protection.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

High heels were originally made for men

High heels were originally created for men in the 10th century. They helped Persian cavalry maintain grip in stirrups. 

As time passed, high heels became symbols of social status, military strength, and fashion. This evolution shows how cultural attitudes towards men’s footwear have changed over the years.

High heels transitioned from men’s wear to women’s fashion by the late 19th century. This shift marked a significant change in societal perceptions of gender and fashion. 

Women began to embrace high heels as symbols of femininity and elegance, intertwining themselves with the evolving standards of beauty.

Today, high heels hold a contested place in fashion and culture. They symbolize empowerment for some, while others critique their association with discomfort and gender expectations. 

High heels have documented health implications. Wearing them frequently can lead to foot pain, postural issues, and long-term mobility problems. 

This raises questions about the sacrifices women make for societal standards of beauty and the need for more supportive footwear options.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

In the United States alone, 3.6 cans of Spam are consumed every second

This beloved canned meat product has gained immense popularity worldwide, capturing the taste buds and hearts of millions.

Celebrated for its versatility and unique flavour, Spam has become a staple in many households, restaurants, and even gourmet dishes. Whether you enjoy it fried, baked, or grilled, this iconic canned ham surely knows how to satisfy culinary cravings.

First introduced in 1937 by Hormel Foods Corporation, Spam quickly gained recognition during World War II due to its long shelf life and affordability. It became a reliable source of protein for soldiers and civilians, especially when food resources were scarce.

People soon discovered that Spam’s savory and salty taste could be enjoyed in a multitude of ways. It became a comforting food during challenging times and eventually found its way into everyday meals. From hearty breakfasts to easy lunchtime sandwiches and creative dinner recipes, Spam was embraced by people of all backgrounds.

As time passed, Spam’s popularity only grew stronger. Its convenience, extended shelf life, and ability to adapt to various dishes made it an attractive choice for busy households. 

Understanding Spam’s nutritional profile is crucial in determining whether it can be part of a healthy diet. While it does provide some protein and energy, its high fat and sodium content, coupled with limited nutritional benefits, suggests that it should be consumed in moderation, if at all.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Rooms with plants have up to 60% less airborne mold and bacteria

The air inside our homes is considered more polluted than the air outside. Chemical gases from furniture and flooring, cleaning products, paint and personal care products (to name a few) disperse into the atmosphere and are absorbed into the body with each breath taken.

Indoor air pollution compromises health and contributes to chronic conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. It can also cause breathing problems, headaches, dizziness, and itchy eyes. Exposure to toxins or pollution of any nature weakens the immune system.

The good news though is there is a cheap and easy way to dramatically reduce your exposure to indoor air pollutants by using plants, especially if an air purifier isn’t an option.

Not only do plants add splashes of greenery to your home, but they are also highly beneficial to your health.

Plants act as natural air filters through a process called transpiration whereby, they pull airborne pollutants into their leaves and roots. The toxins are absorbed through microscopic openings in the leaves and transformed into non-toxic molecules. 

Plants also naturally clean the air through photosynthesis and respiration where they take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen back into the air. According to NASA research, rooms filled with plants contain up to 60% less airborne mould than plant-less rooms.

Certain indoor plants such as peace lilies and English ivy can absorb a range of toxic pollutants including ammonia, formaldehyde, nitrates, benzenes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

[uk666]

Did you know.....

There are only two words in the English language that begin and end with 'und'

UNDERGROUND and UNDERFUND

[uk666]

Did you know.....

The word “checkmate” in chess comes from the Persian phrase “shah mat”

In the world of chess, the word “checkmate” holds a sense of finality, signifying the end of the game and the defeat of the opponent’s king. 

But have you ever wondered where this term originated? Surprisingly, it finds its roots in an ancient Persian phrase: “Shah Mat,” which translates to “the king died.”

[uk666]

Did you know.....

We spend 92 days - on the toilet

Studies have shown that the average person visits the toilet 2,500 times a year, with each visit lasting around 52 minutes. 

This adds up to roughly 33 hours annually, and over a lifetime, those hours can be equivalent to 92 days. Just imagine, 92 days of your life dedicated solely to your time spent on the toilet!

Our daily bathroom routines involve more than just meeting basic bodily needs. It’s a time when we often find ourselves alone, allowing our minds to wander and providing a much-needed break from the outside world. 

Whether it’s scrolling through social media, reading a book, or simply contemplating life, the bathroom offers a unique sanctuary.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Rice is the oldest food we still eat today

In 2003, scientists recovered 15,000-year-old burnt rice grains in Korea. This makes rice the oldest known food that we eat till the present.

The region in central Korea where the grains were found is one of the most important sites for understanding the development of Stone Age man in Asia.

DNA analysis shows the early rice sample to be different from the modern intensively farmed varieties, thereby offering scientists the opportunity to study the evolution of one of the world's principal food sources.

The rice is genetically different from the modern food crop, which will allow researchers to trace its evolution.

Today's rice is the primary food for over half the world's population, with 576,280,000 tonnes produced in 2002.

Rice is especially important in Asia, where it is responsible for almost a third of all calorific intake.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

The holes in spaghetti spoons have a purpose

The single, circular hole in the middle of pasta spoons isn’t just for draining. It is actually a measure for the serving size of spaghetti. 

The amount of dry spaghetti that fits snug in the hole counts as one serving.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Gene Wilder ate wax in Willy Wonka

For the teatime scene in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, the “candy” flower cup that Gene Wilder chomped on was actually made of wax. 

It tasted like what it was made of - wax (which he spat out the second the director yelled "cut!").
 

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Your cell phone is 10 times dirtier than a toilet seat

Most people don’t give a second thought to using their cell phone everywhere, from their morning commute to the dinner table to the doctor’s office. 

But research shows that cell phones are far dirtier than most people think, and the more germs they collect, the more germs you touch.

In fact, your own hand is the biggest culprit when it comes to putting filth on your phone. Americans check their phones about 47 times per day, according to a survey by Deloitte, which affords plenty of opportunities for microorganisms to move from your fingers to your phone.

“Because people are always carrying their cell phones even in situations where they would normally wash their hands before doing anything, cell phones do tend to get pretty gross,” says IHPI member Emily Martin, assistant professor of epidemiology at U-M's School of Public Health. 

Research has varied on just how many germs are crawling on the average cell phone, but a recent study found more than 17,000 bacterial gene copies on the phones of high school students. Scientists at the University of Arizona have found that cell phones carry 10 times more bacteria than most toilet seats.

Fortunately, there are easy ways to avoid some germs. One of the worst places to use your phone is in the bathroom. 

When toilets flush, they spread germs everywhere, which is how phones end up with bacteria like E. coli. 

“Taking a cell phone into the bathroom and then leaving with it is kind of like going in, not washing your hands and then coming back out," Emily Martin says. "It’s the same level of concern."

[uk666]

Did you know.....

The speed of farts...Is about 7 miles an hour

A fart travel about 10 feet per second, which works out to about 7 miles per hour. At that rate, it would take a fart a little more than three hours to run a standard marathon.

The average person farts about 14 times a day. And that’s a healthy amount. That adds up to a total of half a Liter of gas expelled every day.

The fart is 99 percent odourless gas. The other 1 percent is what gets all the attention—noxious, pungent compounds, primarily methanethiol and dimethyl sulphide.

It’s a myth that men fart more than women. Humans of both genders fart at about the same rate, it’s just that men are uh, less ashamed to let ’em rip than are women.

Why are some farts stinkers than others? Some foods you eat have higher sulfureous content than others, and its sulphur that gives fart their distinctive aroma (which smell like sulphur, also known as “brimstone,” as in “fire and brimstone. That means hell smells like farts.) Animal-based foods, particularly eggs and meat, are rich in sulphur.

But it’s plant-based foods that produce not the worst flatulence, but the most flatulence. Fructose (sugar that naturally occurs in fruit) is a fart-causer, as are compounds in cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and, of course, beans.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Pharaohs had his slaves coat in honey to keep flies away from him

Pepi II was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Old Kingdom who succeeded to the throne at the tender age of six. 

Perhaps it was this privileged upbringing which ultimately resulted in him being one of Egypt’s more demanding kings.

Pepi II hated flies, so he reportedly demanded that his slaves be coated in honey to serve as fly traps, essentially attracting swarms of flies away from him and towards their own honey-coated bodies.

Not all Egyptians viewed flies with the same disdain as Pepi II. In fact, due to the insect’s swiftness and unwavering persistence, the fly came to be held in high esteem, a symbol of both persistence and tenacity. Golden flies would therefore be awarded to soldiers who displayed such qualities on the battlefield.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Wild elephants only sleep 2 hours a night

There's an old saying that elephants never forget. You also can say they almost never sleep.

Most humans sleep around six to eight hours a night, whereas wild elephants only sleep about two hours in a 24-hour period. 

This is the shortest sleeping time of any mammal. The short amount of sleep is mostly because elephants need to eat for the rest of the time. The big bull elephants weigh between 4,000 and 6,000 kilograms (8,820-13,230 pounds). 

They need to eat around 300 kg of food every day. It takes these elephants a lot of time to collect this food and so they don't have a lot of time to sleep. Elephants in zoos are fed on high quality food which gives them much more time to sleep.

In the wilderness, elephants need to be aware of predators, such as lions (and humans). Some of the elephants in the herd stay awake while others take a nap.

If there is any danger, the elephants who are awake, and probably feeding, will alert the rest of the herd and wake them up. 

The matriarch, the biggest and oldest female in the herd, might not sleep for many days to make sure her herd is safe. She will only take a nap when she knows all of the elephants are safe.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

The current US flag was designed by a 17-year-old

The current American flag was designed by a 17-year-old high school student named Robert Heft in 1958. For a school project, Robert Heft was tasked with designing a new version of the American flag. 

Heft’s design consisted of 13 stripes and 50 stars — a familiar and iconic design that has been used to represent the American flag ever since.

Heft’s mother was an avid seamstress, though she refused to help her son with the project. Instead, Heft was forced to design the new American flag on his own. 

It’s safe to say that Heft’s design was a success. Shortly after submitting his design to Congress, it was selected to replace the previous American flag design. Since then, Congress has continued to recognize Heft’s design as the official American flag.

What’s even more astonishing, however, is the fact that Heft didn’t score a perfect grade for his school project. His teacher gave him a B- initially. It’s believed that Heft discussed the grade with his teacher, and the two joked that if Congress selected Heft’s design, his grade would be changed to an A. 

To the surprise of both parties, Congress did, in fact, choose Heft’s design. Heft’s teacher fulfilled her promise by changing his grade from a B- to an A.

In 1960, Heft’s 50-star American flag was officially displayed for the first time at Fort Henry in Baltimore, Maryland. This ushered in a new era in which the United States would begin to display the 50 embroidered star, stitched stripes American flag rather than the earlier flag version with 13 stars.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Pepsi briefly owned Soviet warships

Pepsi is one of the most iconic American brands in the world, the company has a unique history, which involves a Cold War-era deal with the Soviet Union and its temporary ownership of the sixth-largest navy in the world.

In 1959, Donald Kendall, Pepsi’s International Division head, saw an unusual marketing opportunity. At the height of the Cold War, US President Richard Nixon was locked in a heated debate with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev about the merits of capitalism versus communism.

Seizing the moment, Kendall convinced Nixon to offer Khrushchev a taste of Pepsi, showcasing it as a product of the capitalist system. Khrushchev enjoyed the fizzy drink, and Pepsi soon found itself gaining traction with the Soviet leader’s endorsement.

Pepsi struck a deal with the Soviet Union to sell its products behind the Iron Curtain, making it the first capitalist brand allowed in Soviet territory. 

However, one obstacle remained—the Ruble, the Soviet currency, was worthless internationally. that is, it was worthless outside the Soviet Union. 

Because the Soviet government was perpetually short of convertible, or “hard”, currency, it often resorted to bartering for imports. Since 1972, it had bartered vodka for Pepsi syrup, which it mixed with carbonated water and bottled domestically. 

Pepsi embraced this arrangement, reasoning its first-mover advantage would pay off when the rouble became convertible. In the meantime, Stolichnaya vodka became less desirable, especially after American consumers boycotted it in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 

The Soviets didn’t want to lose Pepsi, so they opted for a rather unorthodox trade with the soda company. In exchange for its product, they would give Pepsi a fleet of warships, including 17 submarines, a frigate, a cruiser and a destroyer.

But the ships and submarines given to Pepsi were in serious disrepair. Just one of the surface vessels was truly seaworthy, while all of the submarines had serious rust issues. The majority also listed to one side.

Eventually, Pepsi sold the ships to a Swedish recycling company for scrap, as the company needed to recoup the cost of shipping its product to the Soviet Union.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Dentistry is one of the oldest professions in the world

Dentistry dating back to 7000 B.C. with the Indus Valley Civilization, the Indus Valley Civilisation was a Bronze Age society that existed at the same time as Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.

However, it wasn’t until 5000 B.C. that descriptions related to dentistry and tooth decay were available.

At the time, a Sumerian text described tooth worms as causing dental decay, an idea that wasn’t proven false until the 1700s!

In ancient Greece, Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, specifically about treating decaying teeth, but it wasn’t until 1530 that the first book entirely devoted to dentistry, The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth, was published.

By the 1700s, dentistry had become a more defined profession. In 1723, Pierre Fauchard, a French surgeon credited as the Father of Modern Dentistry, published his influential book, The Surgeon Dentist, a Treatise on Teeth, which for the first time defined a comprehensive system for caring for and treating teeth.

Additionally, Fauchard first introduced the idea of dental fillings and the use of dental prosthesis, and he identified that acids from sugar led to tooth decay.

In 1840, the first dental college (Baltimore College of Dental Surgery) opened, establishing the need for more oversight. In the United States, Alabama led the way by enacting the first dental practice act in 1841, and nearly 20 years later, the American Dental Association (ADA) was formed. The first university-affiliated dental institution, the Harvard University Dental School, was founded in 1867.

By 1873, Colgate had mass produced the first toothpaste, and mass-produced toothbrushes followed a few years later.

What may come as a surprise is that the first African American to earn a dental degree dates all the way back to 1869, and the first female dental assistant was employed in New Orleans in 1885. What might be most surprising of all is that most Americans did not adopt good brushing habits until after World War II, when soldiers stationed abroad brought the concept of good oral health back to the United States!

[uk666]

Did you know.....

The only domestic animal not mentioned in the Bible is the cat

Dogs are mentioned 14 times in the Bible, but domestic cats are not mentioned.

Cats have been excavated in Jericho from as early as the pre-pottery Neolithic period (before 6000 BCE). At most, these ancient cats may have co-existed in some form with humans, although they were not yet domesticated. 

Cats are, of course, not “cats” at all, but creatures of Satan in that, like him, they are ubiquitous. 

Cat-only domestic animal not mentioned in Bible because…: The existence of cats in the Bible would confuse flat earth theorists as cats would have pushed everything off of earth if the earth is really flat... As all fervent Biblical literalists know, nothing not mentioned in the Bible exists.

But cats are common and not mentioned in the Bible. So, we have a problem. And, like Satan, cat believe themselves to be gods. 

So: do the right thing. Abandon your cat-worship, and adopt that best of all created beings, so good that they are God spelt backwards. Adopt a dog.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

The lifespan of a dragonfly ranges from around a week to eight weeks

Dragonflies have a short life span, with many living for only 1 to 2 weeks, although some can live up to 8 weeks. Because of their short life span, dragonflies spend most of their time eating or mating.

Mating begins when a male dragonfly approaches a female dragonfly and attaches himself to her thorax with his legs. This results in a tandem fly, at which point their sex organs join, and the couple’s body forms a closed circle for fertilization.

After fertilization, female dragonflies lay their eggs in a water source. The egg hatches within days or months, and the dragonfly begins its larval stage, which can last, on average, 1 to 2 years based on water temperature.

These aquatic baby dragonflies have large eyes, oval abdomens, six legs, and gills for breathing,

Over time, the baby dragonfly starts breathing air, and its head, legs, and wings emerge from the larval skin. Once an adult dragonfly emerges, it quickly learns how to target its prey and eat while in flight.

They typically consume insects, fish, tadpoles, and aquatic worms. When the dragonfly emerges as an adult, they can catch more than 30 mosquitos a day!

Dragonflies are typically near wet habitats like ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands. 

They’re also great for natural pest control. So, the next time you see one flying around your home, don’t swat it away — it’s actually doing you a favour.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Some sharks can live for up to five centuries

Greenland sharks, in particular, can live a long time. They only grow a centimetre a year, but it is believed they may live for up to 500 years. Greenland sharks are now the longest-living vertebrates known on Earth.

Recent breakthroughs allowed scientists to use carbon dating to estimate the age of Greenland sharks. Inside the shark’s eyes, there are proteins that are formed before birth and do not degrade with age. Scientists discovered that they could determine the age of the sharks by carbon-dating these proteins

One study examined Greenland sharks that were bycatch in fishermen’s nets. The largest shark they found, a 5-meter female, was between 272 and 512 years old according to their estimates. 

Carbon dating can only provide estimates, not a definitive age. Scientists continue to refine this method and may provide more accurate measurements in the future. But even at the lower end of the estimates, a 272-year lifespan makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.

One theory to explain this long lifespan is that the Greenland shark has a very slow metabolism, an adaptation to the deep, cold waters it inhabits.

She was born during the reign of James I, was a youngster when René Descartes set out his rules of thought and the great fire of London raged, saw out her adolescent years as George II ascended the throne, reached adulthood around the time that the American revolution kicked off, and lived through two world wars. 

Living to an estimated age of nearly 400 years, this female Greenland shark has set a new record for longevity.

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Apple seeds contain cyanide

As the famous saying goes, an apple a day keeps the doctor away. But it turns out that the average apple is perhaps not quite the bounty of vitamins that we’ve been led to believe.

While apples are a good source of dietary fibre, 100g of apple contains less than 10% of the recommended daily value of all vitamins and minerals.

In fact, the average potato (Solanum tuberosum), contains four times as much vitamin C as the average apple!

A study in 2015 found that people in the USA who ate at least one apple a day were no less likely to visit a doctor.

Despite this, we can still enjoy apples — they’re still a tasty snack that’s both low in fats and high in water content.

It’s often said that you should avoid eating the seeds of apples as they contain the poison cyanide.

Apple seeds do indeed contain amygdalin, a chemical compound formed of sugar and cyanide.

One gram of apple seeds contains around 0.6mg of cyanide, but the lethal dose of cyanide starts at over 50mg.

This means you’d need to eat nearly 100 apple seeds in one sitting to start putting yourself at risk!

Many other fruits and vegetables contain very small traces of cyanide, such as cherries (Prunus avium), potatoes and almonds (Prunus amygdalus).

[uk666]

Did you know.....

Kleenex tissues were originally made for gas masks

Most of us probably grab a Kleenex without giving it a second thought. After all, they are perhaps one of the most common toiletry essentials that can be found just about everywhere, from our bathrooms and kitchens to offices, waiting rooms, and even inside our own purses, cars, or pockets. 

But grabbing a Kleenex used to be a much more serious business. The ubiquitous household item that we take for granted today once served an important function in World War I.

The invention that would become the Kleenex tissue was first developed by the company Kimberly-Clark, a Wisconsin-based paper company that was founded all the way back in 1872. 

During the World War I, Kimberly-Clark decided to pivot their production from paper toward goods that would aid the war effort, and before long, a new, thin, wood cellulose-based product called Cellucotton was born.

Cellucotton was a great boon for the war effort in large part because it had many versatile uses as a substitute for cotton, which was in short supply during the First World War. 

World War I was the first war in which chemical warfare was widely used, making gas masks and other protective face shields a necessity. 

Kimberly-Clark's new product provided a strong yet disposable paper filter to line the inside of gas masks and protect against mustard gas, chlorine, and other chemical agents. 

The new Cellucotton was placed inside the respirator-based gas masks that soldiers were forced to wear on the battlefield, where it helped clear toxins from the air.

In the 1920s, the product was modified into the menstrual pad Kotex.

A further modification of the original crepe paper made it thinner and softer, and the resultant 1924 product was called "Kleenex" and marketed as a cold cream remover.

In line with the company's requirements for their brand names to be short, easy to say, and easy to explain, the name Kleenex was selected as the "Kleen" portion of the name denotes its cleansing purpose with a sensational spelling of the word "clean". 

The "ex" was added to show that Kleenex was of the family of products that included Kotex. This was the first marketing of a disposable, paper-based, facial tissue in the Western world, and was sold as a substitute for face towels or cotton wool.

In 1925, the first Kleenex tissue ad was used in magazines showing "the new secret of keeping a pretty skin as used by famous movie stars". A few years after the introduction of Kleenex, the Cellucotton's head researcher tried to persuade the head of advertising to try to market the tissue for colds and hay fever. 

The administrator declined the idea but then committed a small amount of ad space to mention of using Kleenex tissue as a handkerchief. 

By the 1930s, Kleenex was being marketed with the slogan "Don't Carry a Cold in Your Pocket", and its use as a disposable handkerchief replacement became predominant.

Another war brought Kleenex into the forefront of American culture once again. While paper rationing limited their manufacturing, Kleenex once again became a staple name on the battlefield during World War II, used in field dressings and bandages. 

By the postwar era of the 1950s, Kleenex was well on its way to becoming America's favourite disposable tissue brand.