THE KEY TO HOW HUMANS COULD REGENERATE BODY PARTS...

[humble3d]

Harvard University uncovers DNA switch that controls genes for whole-body regeneration

 

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2019/03/14/harvard-university-uncovers-dna-switch-controls-genes-whole/

 

A master regulator of regeneration

 

Michael Alonge1, Michael C. Schatz1,2,3

Summary

 

HUMANS MAY ONE DAY HAVE THE ABILITY TO REGROW LIMBS AFTER

SCIENTISTS AT HARVARD

UNIVERSITY UNCOVERED THE DNA SWITCH THAT CONTROLS GENES FOR

WHOLE-BODY REGENERATION...

 

A PIECE OF NON-CODING DNA MAY HOLD THE KEY TO HOW HUMANS COULD

REGENERATE BODY PARTS...

 

Hofstenia miamia, commonly called the three-banded panther worm, is a small flatworm

that can be found along  the shores of the Caribbean and other warm waters.

It is known for its impressive regenerative capabilities,

including the ability to regenerate any body part within a few days of amputation.

Previous reports identified some

 

of the molecular signals used to coordinate regeneration (1), although the specific

genes and gene networks that regulate this response were unknown. On page 1191 of

this issue, Gehrke et al. (2) developed an impressive
collection of genomic resources for the species, including extensive DNA, RNA, and

chromatin accessibility data to promote H. miamia as a new model system for studying

regeneration.

Using these data, they identify early growth

response (Egr), which encodes a candidate pioneer transcription factor responsible for

regulating the molecular

regenerating response to wounding.

 

http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse

 

 

This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6432/1152

 

PERSPECTIVEGENOMICS

 

A master regulator of regeneration

 

Harvard University Uncovers DNA Switch That Allows Whole-Body Regeneration
 

 

 

Harvard scientists discover DNA switch that allows whole-body regeneration
 

Harvard University scientists have uncovered the DNA switch that controls genes for

whole-body regeneration,

paving the way to allow humans to regrow limbs.

 

 

 

Some animals are able to achieve extraordinary feats of repair, such as salamanders

which grow back legs, or

geckos which can shed their tails to escape predators and then grow new ones in a

matter of weeks.

 

 

 

Yahoo News reports: Planarian worms, jellyfish, and sea anemones go even further,

actually regenerating their entire bodies after being cut in half.

 

 

 

Now scientists have discovered that that in worms, a section of non-coding or ‘junk’

DNA controls the activation of a ‘master control gene’ called early growth response

(EGR) which acts like a power switch, turning regeneration on or off.

 

 

 

“We were able to decrease the activity of this gene and we found that if you don’t have

EGR, nothing happens,”

said Dr Mansi Srivastava, Assistant Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology

at Harvard University.

 

 

“The animals just can’t regenerate. All those downstream genes won’t turn on, so the

other switches don’t work,

and the whole house goes dark, basically.”

 

The studies were done in three-banded panther worms. Scientists found that during

regeneration the tightly-  packed DNA in their cells, starts to unfold, allowing new areas

to activate.

 

 

But crucially humans also carry EGR, and produce it when cells are stressed and in

need of repair, yet it does not seem to trigger large scale regeneration.

 

 

Scientists now think that it master gene is wired differently in humans to animals and

are now trying to find a way to  tweak its circuitry to reap its regenerative benefits.

 

 

Post doctoral student Andrew Gehrke of Harvard believes the answer lies in the area of

non-coding DNA controlling the gene. Non-coding or junk DNA was once believed to

do nothing, but in recent years scientists have realised is having a major impact.

 

 

“Only about two percent of the genome makes things like proteins,” added Mr Gehrke

said. “We wanted to know:

 

What is the other 98 percent of the genome doing during whole-body regeneration?

 
 

“I think we’ve only just scratched the surface. We’ve looked at some of these switches,

but there’s a whole other  aspect of how the genome is interacting on a larger scale,

and all of that is important for turning genes on and off.”

 

 

Marine animals, such as the moon jellyfish, are masters of regeneration and some have

been found to clone themselves after death.

 

 

In 2016, a Japanese scientist reported that three months after the death of his pet

jellyfish, a sea anemone-like polyp rose out of the degraded body, and then

astonishingly aged backwards, reverting to a younger state.

 

 

In the 1990s, scientists in Italy discovered that the Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish switches

back and forth from being a baby to an adult, resulting in its nickname, the immortal

jellyfish.

 

 

 
Dr Srivastava added: “The question is: If humans can turn on EGR, and not only turn it

on, but do it when our cells
are injured, why can’t we regenerate?” added Dr Srivastava.

 

 

 

“It’s a very natural question to look at the natural world and think, if a gecko can do this

why can’t I?

 

 

 

“The answer may be that if EGR is the power switch, we think the wiring is different.

What EGR is talking to in human cells may be different than what it is talking to in the

three-banded panther worm.”

 

 

The research was published in the journal Science.\

https://newspunch.com/harvard-university-dna-switch-whole-body-regeneration/